When Scotland Was Jewish: DNA Evidence, Archeology, Analysis of Migrations, and Public and Family Records Show Twelfth Century Semitic Roots (2007) by Elizabeth C. Hirschman and Donald N. Yates proposes that a significant, largely ignored Jewish population from France and Spain heavily influenced Scottish history, culture, and aristocracy from the 12th century onwards. In essence, When Scotland Was Jewish argues that Sephardic Jewish immigrants played a pivotal, yet erased, role in forming Scotland’s elite and cultural landscape during the Middle Ages.