Theoretical Astronomy, Examined and Exposed, by "Common Sense" (likely authored by William Carpenter) is a 19th-century flat-earth text that challenges established scientific principles, such as the heliocentric model and the Earth's curvature, advocating for reliance on literal interpretation, direct observation, and practical "common sense" over conventional astronomical theories. It serves as an early example of modern flat-earth literature, aiming to undermine mainstream scientific understanding.