The Two Babylons (1853) by Alexander Hislop is a polemical work arguing that Roman Catholicism is not true Christianity, but a direct continuation of ancient paganism originating from Nimrod, his wife Semiramis, and their son Tammuz. Hislop claims the papacy adapted Babylonian mysteries, pagan rites, and idolatry into Christian doctrine. Although highly criticized by modern historians and theologians for flawed methodology and weak evidence, the book significantly influenced Protestant suspicion toward Catholicism and is often cited to argue that Catholicism is a paganized system.